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Perception: Difference between revisions
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Within the skin, the essential, external organ for touch, exist sensory cells, that react to differences in pressure and temperature. The information recorded is sent to the brain and interpreted there. | Within the skin, the essential, external organ for touch, exist sensory cells, that react to differences in pressure and temperature. The information recorded is sent to the brain and interpreted there. | ||
=====Haptic perception===== | =====Haptic perception===== | ||
Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject | Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject<sup>3</sup>. | ||
The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“<sup> | The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“<sup>4</sup>. | ||
For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | ||
# Lateral motion | # Lateral motion | ||
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# Enclosure | # Enclosure | ||
# Contour following | # Contour following | ||
Therefore identifying a subjects properties | Therefore identifying a subjects properties<sup>5</sup>. | ||
====Perception of Sound==== | ====Perception of Sound==== | ||
Hearing works through the perception of sound waves through the outer ear. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. From there it comes to the inner ear, in which the vibrations from the middle ear in the cochlea, in which there is fluid, are passed on to the brain via the auricular hairs via the auricular nerve. In addition to cochlea there is also the worry of balance weight. | Hearing works through the perception of sound waves through the outer ear. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. From there it comes to the inner ear, in which the vibrations from the middle ear in the cochlea, in which there is fluid, are passed on to the brain via the auricular hairs via the auricular nerve. In addition to cochlea there is also the worry of balance weight. | ||
=====Auditory Perception===== | =====Auditory Perception===== | ||
Auditory perception discussed „the motivation for exploring non-visual modalities, how audition bears on theorizing about perception, and questions concerning the objects, contents, phenomenology, varieties, and bounds of auditory | Auditory perception discussed „the motivation for exploring non-visual modalities, how audition bears on theorizing about perception, and questions concerning the objects, contents, phenomenology, varieties, and bounds of auditory perception“.<sup>6</sup> | ||
====Perception of smell==== | ====Perception of smell==== | ||
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====Perception of smell==== | ====Perception of smell==== | ||
On both sides of the nasal septum there are olfactory mucous membranes that are equipped with olfactory sensory cells. These have receptors for around 350 different fragrances. Scent stimuli are conducted via nerve tracts into the olfactory brain, from where they go directly to the hypothalamus and the limbic system.<sup> | On both sides of the nasal septum there are olfactory mucous membranes that are equipped with olfactory sensory cells. These have receptors for around 350 different fragrances. Scent stimuli are conducted via nerve tracts into the olfactory brain, from where they go directly to the hypothalamus and the limbic system.<sup>7</sup> | ||
Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | ||
===Limitation of the human perception=== | ===Limitation of the human perception=== | ||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<sup> | Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<sup>8</sup>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | ||
===Feelings and emotions=== | ===Feelings and emotions=== | ||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | ||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | ||
Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <sup> | Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <sup>9</sup>.Therefore hormones hugely affect ones emotions, for example serotonin as the happiness hormone and progesterone for calming. | ||
===Perceptional focus=== | ===Perceptional focus=== | ||
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===Social perception=== | ===Social perception=== | ||
The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | |||
This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<sup>10</sup> | |||
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Mixed Internal and External Perception is the result of what is going on within and outside of the body (e.g. emotions, certain moods). [15] | Mixed Internal and External Perception is the result of what is going on within and outside of the body (e.g. emotions, certain moods). [15] | ||
===Epistemological Dualism=== | |||
====Direct Realism==== | |||
Direct realism is a theory of perception and the counter to indirect realism. Stating that immediate objects exist mind-independently. These objects have specific properties (e.g. colour, size) which are perceived. Therefore physical ojects exist and their properties are perceived directly. | |||
====Indirect Realism==== | |||
Indirect realism states, that though physical objects are mind-indipendent and perceived, it is being perceived . Therefore physical objects exist and the objects physical properties generate perceptions in the mind. | |||
As a representative of indirect realism, John Locke, in his essay 'An essay Concerning Human understanding'(1690), draws a distinction between ideas and qualities. He claims, that one does not perceive an object but rather an idea of said object. According to Locke and indirect realism what one perceives is sn intermediary between object and perceiver. | |||
===The Causal Theory of perception=== | |||
The Causal Theory of Perception <sup>18</sup> | |||
===Components of perception=== | ===Components of perception=== | ||
According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | ||
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The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | ||
===Dretskes Approach=== | ===Dretskes Approach=== | ||
Dretske distances himself from the 'Causal Theory of Perception', introducing "a fundamental difference between causal and informational relationship". | Dretske distances himself from the 'Causal Theory of Perception', introducing "a fundamental difference between causal and informational relationship".<sup>19</sup> He "ascribes perception to informational relations […] [and] assigns an important role to information in the explanation of the sensory and cognitive processes [allowing] him to present a clear definitionof objects of perception".<sup>19</sup> According to Dretske the perceived object is a component in the causal sensorial chain about which the the perception carries information.<sup>19</sup> The perceived object is the 'causal antecedent'of the chain as the 'object of perceptual state'. Realized as a primary representation of the object in the perceptual process.<sup>19</sup> | ||
===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ||
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==The Problem of Perception== | ==The Problem of Perception== | ||
===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ||
A problem of perception can be excellently described with a sentence by Nitzsche. "The truths are illusions, of which one has forgotten that they are some"<sup>20</sup>. To the problem of perceptual illusion comes the problem of perceptual hallunization. | |||
If the perception is clouded by illusions and hallunizations, how can a real direct perception of the world be possible?Answers to this question could be provided by the main theories of experience.<sup>21</sup> | |||
===Intentionalism=== | ===Intentionalism=== | ||
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# <sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 (quote) | # <sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 (quote) | ||
# <sub>2</sub> TEDx Talks(2016): Mind the gap between perception and reality | Sean Tiffee | TEDxLSCTomball. YouTube, 18.02.2016, 05.01.2022 at 20:25, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY | # <sub>2</sub> TEDx Talks(2016): Mind the gap between perception and reality | Sean Tiffee | TEDxLSCTomball. YouTube, 18.02.2016, 05.01.2022 at 20:25, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY | ||
# <sub>3</sub> Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | # <sub>3</sub> Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>4</sub> Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>5</sub> "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | ||
# | # <sub>6</sub> O’Callaghan, Casey, "Auditory Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/>. | ||
<sub>7</sub> https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns. | |||
# <sub>8</sub> Karl olsberg - Worte für den Wandel . Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns? https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/ | |||
# <sub>9</sub> TED-Ed.(2018): How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce. YouTube, 21.06.2018, 20.12.2021, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8 | |||
# <sub>10</sub> Soziale Wahrnehmung: Bedeutung, Definition, Einflussgrößen, Fehler & Verzerrungen https://sciodoo.de/psychologie-soziale-wahrnehmung-bedeutung-definition/ | |||
# <sub>13</sub>https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn | # <sub>13</sub>https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn | ||
# <sub>16</sub> | # <sub>16</sub> | ||
# | # <sub>18</sub> Steven J. Vitali "Kant's Refutation of Idealism, the Analogies of Experience, and Transcendental Idealist Constraints on the Causal Theory of Perception", | ||
# <sub>19</sub> José María Díaz, Mario Perez-Montoro: Is Information a Sufficient Basis for Cognition? Part 1: Critique of Dretske's Approach, 1.3. Perception, 2011, triple C cognition communication co-operation | |||
# <sub>20</sub> Hervé Le Tellier: Die Anomalie. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 2. Auflage Septemper 2021, page 321. | |||
# <sub>21</sub> Crane, Tim and Craig French, "The Problem of Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>. | |||