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Perception: Difference between revisions
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====Perception of smell==== | ====Perception of smell==== | ||
When smelling, a chemical signal is converted into an electrical signal. The olfactory cells are the interpreters who speak both languages: They master the chemical language of the scent molecules in the air we breathe and translate the olfactory information into the electrical language of the brain“ (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | "When smelling, a chemical signal is converted into an electrical signal. The olfactory cells are the interpreters who speak both languages: They master the chemical language of the scent molecules in the air we breathe and translate the olfactory information into the electrical language of the brain“ (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<sup>7</sup>.On both sides of the nasal septum there are olfactory mucous membranes that are equipped with olfactory sensory cells. These have receptors for around 350 different fragrances. Scent stimuli are conducted via nerve tracts into the olfactory brain, from where they go directly to the hypothalamus and the limbic system.<sup>8</sup> | ||
====Perception of taste==== | ====Perception of taste==== | ||
The sensory cells collect all information about the taste. The results are then transmitted directly to the brain via extra nerve fibers and cranial nerves. There they are evaluated and combined with the information from the olfactory sense. Because only together with the smell can we really taste it | The sensory cells collect all information about the taste. The results are then transmitted directly to the brain via extra nerve fibers and cranial nerves. There they are evaluated and combined with the information from the olfactory sense. Because only together with the smell can we really taste it.<sup>9</sup> | ||
Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | ||
===Limitation of the human perception=== | ===Limitation of the human perception=== | ||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<sup> | Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<sup>10</sup>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | ||
===Feelings and emotions=== | ===Feelings and emotions=== | ||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | ||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | ||
Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <sup> | Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <sup>11</sup>.Therefore hormones hugely affect ones emotions, for example serotonin as the happiness hormone and progesterone for calming. | ||
===Perceptional focus=== | ===Perceptional focus=== | ||
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===Social perception=== | ===Social perception=== | ||
The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | ||
This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<sup> | This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<sup>12</sup> | ||
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External Perception describes the world outside of the body. Therefore we use our senses such as hearing, smelling and touching to perceive the external world. | External Perception describes the world outside of the body. Therefore we use our senses such as hearing, smelling and touching to perceive the external world. | ||
====Mixed Internal and External Perception==== | ====Mixed Internal and External Perception==== | ||
Mixed Internal and External Perception is the result of what is going on within and outside of the body (e.g. emotions, certain moods). | Mixed Internal and External Perception is the result of what is going on within and outside of the body (e.g. emotions, certain moods). | ||
===Epistemological Dualism=== | ===Epistemological Dualism=== | ||
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====Indirect Realism==== | ====Indirect Realism==== | ||
Indirect realism states, that though physical objects are mind-indipendent and perceived, it is being perceived . Therefore physical objects exist and the objects physical properties generate perceptions in the mind. | Indirect realism states, that though physical objects are mind-indipendent and perceived, it is being perceived . Therefore physical objects exist and the objects physical properties generate perceptions in the mind. | ||
As a representative of indirect realism, John Locke, in his essay 'An essay Concerning Human understanding'(1690), draws a distinction between ideas and qualities. He claims, that one does not perceive an object but rather an idea of said object. According to Locke and indirect realism what one perceives is sn intermediary between object and perceiver. | As a representative of indirect realism, John Locke, in his essay 'An essay Concerning Human understanding'(1690), draws a distinction between ideas and qualities. He claims, that one does not perceive an object but rather an idea of said object. According to Locke and indirect realism what one perceives is sn intermediary between object and perceiver.<sup>13</sup><sup>14</sup> | ||
===The Causal Theory of perception=== | ===The Causal Theory of perception=== | ||
The Causal Theory of Perception <sup> | The Causal Theory of Perception claims, that when a perceiver sees an object, the object causes the perceiver to visually experience the object.<sup>15</sup> | ||
===Components of perception=== | ===Components of perception=== | ||
According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | ||
The Perceiver is influenced by external and internal factors, which affect the perceivers perception of the target. | The Perceiver is influenced by external and internal factors, which affect the perceivers perception of the target. | ||
The target is being interpreted. It is possible, that prior expectations impact this interpretation as well as „ambiguous targets [being] especially susceptible to interpretation and addition“. <sup>16</sup> | The target is being interpreted. It is possible, that prior expectations impact this interpretation as well as „ambiguous targets [being] especially susceptible to interpretation and addition“. <sup>16</sup> | ||
The Situation and it's context can heavily impact the perception. "The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target"<sup>16</sup>. | The Situation and it's context can heavily impact the perception. "The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target"<sup>16</sup><sup>17</sup>. | ||
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The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | ||
===Dretskes Approach=== | |||
Dretske distances himself from the 'Causal Theory of Perception', introducing "a fundamental difference between causal and informational relationship".<sup>18</sup> He "ascribes perception to informational relations […] [and] assigns an important role to information in the explanation of the sensory and cognitive processes [allowing] him to present a clear definitionof objects of perception".<sup>18</sup> According to Dretske the perceived object is a component in the causal sensorial chain about which the the perception carries information.<sup>18</sup> The perceived object is the 'causal antecedent'of the chain as the 'object of perceptual state'. Realized as a primary representation of the object in the perceptual process.<sup>18</sup> | |||
===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ||
In René Descartes Method of doubt, Descartes put all beliefs, ideas, thoughts and matter in doubt. Showing his grounds, reasonings aswell as any knowledge could in fact be false. That any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt ,ay be false. Therefore showing, that if there is a way for a belief to be disapproved, the reasonings are insufficient and hence may be doubted. From this work his famous phrase "I think, therefore I am" came about. As the one thimg he couldnt doubt was him doubting, thinking, and him being. | |||
Descartes method used four main principles also kmown s Descartes four rules of logic. To accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, unless known to be true. To divide every problem into as many parts as necessary to analyze and solve the problem. To conduct ones thoughts and find the easiest solutions, from the simplest to the more complex in order to proceed. To make enumerations so complete that nothing was omitted, to list every detail of the problem.<sup>19</sup> | |||
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===Intentionalism=== | ===Intentionalism=== | ||
Intentionalism is the theory that a literal work should be judged in terms of the authors intentions. That the meaning of texts is determined by the intentions of the author. The intent is not only important in writing but also interactions and other parts of perception. Ones intentions can hugely impact the reality of a situation, which may not be perceived rightfully, due to a lack of context and known intent. Knowing the intend is unavoidable to fully understand the reality. If intentions are not known the perception of subjects cannot be considered reality. Therefore intent is a major part to perceiving reality. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
# <sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 | # <sub>1</sub> Kendra Cherry: "What Is Perception?"(2020), (https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839). | ||
# <sub>2</sub> TEDx Talks(2016): Mind the gap between perception and reality | Sean Tiffee | TEDxLSCTomball. YouTube, 18.02.2016, 05.01.2022 at 20:25, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY | # <sub>2</sub> TEDx Talks(2016): Mind the gap between perception and reality | Sean Tiffee | TEDxLSCTomball. YouTube, 18.02.2016, 05.01.2022 at 20:25, in: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY) | ||
# <sub>3</sub> Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | # <sub>3</sub> Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | ||
# <sub>4</sub> Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | # <sub>4</sub> Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | ||
# <sub>5</sub> "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | # <sub>5</sub> "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | ||
# <sub>6</sub> O’Callaghan, Casey, "Auditory Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/>. | # <sub>6</sub> O’Callaghan, Casey, "Auditory Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/>. | ||
<sub>7</sub> https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns. | # <sub>7</sub> | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>8</sub> Evelyn Bargs-Stahl, Dr. Erika Luck-Haller: Hintergrund: Mensch "Der menschliche Geruchssinn", (https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns). | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>9</sub> [kindersache]: Natur und Mensch. Wie funktioniert... der Geschmackssinn?(2018), (https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn). | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>10</sub> Karl olsberg - Worte für den Wandel . Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns? (https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/). | ||
# <sub>13</sub>https:// | # <sub>11</sub> TED-Ed.(2018): How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce. YouTube, 21.06.2018, 20.12.2021, in: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8). | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>12</sub> Mathias Mücke: "Soziale Wahrnehmung: Bedeutung, Definition, Einflussgrößen, Fehler & Verzerrungen", (https://sciodoo.de/psychologie-soziale-wahrnehmung-bedeutung-definition/), 02.01.2022. | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>13</sub> []: Indirect realism, in John Locke: A critical assessment of the representationalist theory of perception, (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3670.html). | ||
# <sub> | # <sub>14</sub> Amy Trumpeter: What is the difference between Direct Realism and Indirect Realism?(2015)(https://www.philosophyzer.com/direct-realism-and-indirect-realism/). | ||
# <sub>20</sub> Hervé Le Tellier: Die Anomalie. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 2. Auflage Septemper 2021, page 321. | # <sub>15</sub> Steven J. Vitali: "Kant's Refutation of Idealism, the Analogies of Experience, and Transcendental Idealist Constraints on the Causal Theory of Perception", | ||
# <sub>16</sub> []: Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others (http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/ca/hip_ca_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/013613436X.pdf) | |||
# <sub>17</sub> Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2013. "Perception." Explorable. Retrieved 8 March 2020 (https://explorable.com/perception). | |||
# <sub>18</sub> José María Díaz, Mario Perez-Montoro: Is Information a Sufficient Basis for Cognition? Part 1: Critique of Dretske's Approach, 1.3. Perception, 2011, triple C cognition communication co-operation | |||
# <sub>19</sub> Rules for the Direction of the Mind work by Descartes,(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rules-for-the-Direction-of-the-Mind) | |||
# <sub>20</sub>Hervé Le Tellier: Die Anomalie. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 2. Auflage Septemper 2021, page 321. | |||
# <sub>21</sub> Crane, Tim and Craig French, "The Problem of Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>. | # <sub>21</sub> Crane, Tim and Craig French, "The Problem of Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>. | ||