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Perception: Difference between revisions
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=====Haptic perception===== | =====Haptic perception===== | ||
Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject[6]. | Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject[6]. | ||
The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“ | The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“<sup>3</sup>. | ||
For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | ||
# Lateral motion | # Lateral motion | ||
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====Perception of taste==== | ====Perception of taste==== | ||
The sensory cells collect all information about the taste. The results are then transmitted directly to the brain via extra nerve fibers and cranial nerves. There they are evaluated and combined with the information from the olfactory sense. Because only together with the smell can we really taste it. | |||
====Perception of smell==== | ====Perception of smell==== | ||
On both sides of the nasal septum there are olfactory mucous membranes that are equipped with olfactory sensory cells. These have receptors for around 350 different fragrances. Scent stimuli are conducted via nerve tracts into the olfactory brain, from where they go directly to the hypothalamus and the limbic system.<sup>13</sup> | |||
Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | ||
===Limitation of the human perception=== | ===Limitation of the human perception=== | ||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years) | Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<sup>4</sup>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | ||
===Feelings and emotions=== | ===Feelings and emotions=== | ||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | ||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | ||
Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors | Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <sup>5</sup>.Therefore hormones hugely affect ones emotions, for example serotonin as the happiness hormone and progesterone for calming. | ||
===Perceptional focus=== | ===Perceptional focus=== | ||
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==Philosophy of Perception== | ==Philosophy of Perception== | ||
====Beholders share==== | ====Beholders share==== | ||
sensory input | The Beholders share regards the perception of a piece of art. The sensory input such as the colours, visual patterns, shapes or scenery of the art has a considerable impact on its perception. Prior expectations can change the conscious seeing of the artpiece and therefore edit the perception. The importance of context is in this scope is worth the mention, as information about the life of the artist and knowing the artists other work can heavily change the interpretation of the artwork . The artists anticipated context and interpretation of his work is often different to the observers. A lack of context can therefore completely change the effect and perception of art. | ||
importance of context context | ===Perceptions=== | ||
====Internal Perception==== | |||
Internal Perception depicts about the internal world of a being, the world within the body. Feelings and information about ones body (e.g. positions, organic functions) falls into this category. | |||
====External Perception==== | |||
External Perception describes the world outside of the body. Therefore we use our senses such as hearing, smelling and touching to perceive the external world. | |||
====Mixed Internal and External Perception==== | |||
Mixed Internal and External Perception is the result of what is going on within and outside of the body (e.g. emotions, certain moods). [15] | |||
===Components of perception=== | ===Components of perception=== | ||
According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | |||
The Perceiver is influenced by external and internal factors, which affect the perceivers perception of the target. | |||
The target is being interpreted. It is possible, that prior expectations impact this interpretation as well as „ambiguous targets [being] especially susceptible to interpretation and addition“. <sup>16</sup> | |||
The Situation and it's context can heavily impact the perception. "The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target"<sup>16</sup>. | |||
==Philosophical Views== | ==Philosophical Views== | ||
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In | In | ||
#REDIRECT [[Plato's Allegory of the cave]] | #REDIRECT [[Plato's Allegory of the cave]] | ||
Plato concerns himself with the perception and perspective of the individuals in the cave and the actual reality outside the cave. people being afraid of what they don't know. | Plato concerns himself with the perception and perspective of the individuals in the cave and the actual reality outside the cave. The allegory concerns itself with the subjectivity of human perception. The people in the cave don't see directly, but only an image of reality. The same goes for different people in our daily life, everyone takes the environment around them differently and interpretations vary, according to their own experience. A modern example of this is when interviewing whitnesses. The implicity statements in accidents for example can be widely different, every witness perceives the truth differently. Here, different descriptions of the course of the accident are often described. It also shows people being afraid of what they don't know. | ||
===Dretskes Approach=== | ===Dretskes Approach=== | ||
===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ||
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==The Problem of Perception== | ==The Problem of Perception== | ||
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===Intentionalism=== | ===Intentionalism=== | ||
===The Importance of Context=== | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 (quote) | # <sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 (quote) | ||
<sub>2</sub> | # <sub>2</sub> TEDx Talks(2016): Mind the gap between perception and reality | Sean Tiffee | TEDxLSCTomball. YouTube, 18.02.2016, 05.01.2022 at 20:25, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY | ||
# <sub>3</sub> Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | |||
# <sub>4</sub> Karl olsberg - Worte für den Wandel . Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns? https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/ | |||
# <sub>5</sub> TED-Ed.(2018): How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce. YouTube, 21.06.2018, 20.12.2021, in: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8 | |||
[6] Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | # [6] Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | ||
[7] "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | # [7] "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | ||
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[10] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-auditory/#Introduction | # [10] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-auditory/#Introduction | ||
[11] https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns. | # [11] https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns. | ||
# <sub>13</sub>https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn | |||
# <sub>16</sub> | |||