Perception: Difference between revisions
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====Visual perception==== | ====Visual perception==== | ||
The | Visual perception can be understood as a diverse process that begins with the transformation of light stimuli into meaningful cognitive interpretations involving retinal sensing through photoreceptors and cortical processing in multiple brain areas.<ref name=":0">Donato, R., Pavan, A., & Campana, G. (2020). Investigating the Interaction Between Form and Motion Processing: A Review of Basic Research and Clinical Evidence. ''Frontiers in Psychology'', ''11''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566848</nowiki></ref> The photoreceptors receive light signals through the retina, converting them into electrical signals. Those signals are then transmitted along the optic nerve in the eye, in order to reach the lateral geniculate nucleus before arriving at the striate cortex. This cortex, known as the visual cortex serves on fundamental basis for the conscious perception of static form and local brightness differences, establishing the base for more complex visual processing.<ref>Pollen, D. A. (1999). On the Neural Correlates of Visual Perception. ''Cerebral Cortex'', ''9''(1), 4–19. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/9.1.4</nowiki></ref> Following that, after leaving the visual cortex, signals travel along the dorsal stream to the parietal cortex, serving for spatial orientation and motor actions such as reaching or eye movements. Further, focusing on forms, colours and object identity, signals must flow through the ventral stream into the inferior temporal cortex.<ref name=":0" /> For perceptual experience to be created, the visual cortex engages in recursive feedback loops with higher brain regions, for instance temporal and parietal. Those feedbacks enter into loops between each other to continuously compare new sensory data with prior knowledge or expectations, leading to our visual recognition of the outer world.<ref name=":0" /> Visual perception involves actively searching for relevant stimuli, influenced by external factors such as color salience and movement, as well as internal states in order to recognise objects. For instance, conspicuous features can capture human attention instantly, leading to unusual preferences when distractions occur. At this state, the ventral stream capture specific details from it. In addition, the temporal cortex stores those representations, helping humans to categorise and label familiar objects in fractions of a second. <ref name=":1">Jansson-Boyd, C. V., & Bright, P. (2024). Visual neuroscience. ''Elsevier EBooks'', 51–69. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-443-13581-1.00004-2</nowiki></ref> Furthermore, visual search engages emotional and reward circuits, when identifying form and motion. The ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens interact with cortical regions to process rewarding stimuli, reinforcing behaviour patterns triggered by appealing elements. Likewise research shows, that emotional associations are carried firmly throughout visual perception, that bias us towards or against objects before consciously registering the object. This phenomenon, known as microvalence, refers to subconscious evaluation of an object's aversiveness during visual processing.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
====Perception of touch ==== | ====Perception of touch ==== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
<references> | <references> | ||
<ref name="ref1"> Cherry, Kendra (July 09, 2020). What Is Perception?. In ''Verywell Mind'', Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839].</ref> | [https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839].</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref2"> Tiffee, Sean (2016). Mind the gap between perception and reality. ''TEDx Talks''. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY]</ref> | [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY]</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref3"> Weber, E. H. (1851). ''Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet''. Berlin: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref4"> Gibson, J.J. (1966). ''The senses considered as perceptual systems''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref5"> Fleer, S.; Moringen, A.; Klatzky, R.L.; Ritter, H. (2020). Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array. | |||
''PLoS ONE'', 15(1): e0226880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226880</ref> | ''PLoS ONE'', 15(1): e0226880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226880</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref6"> O’Callaghan, Casey (2021). Auditory Perception. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), | |||
Retrived January 28, 2022, from [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/].</ref> | Retrived January 28, 2022, from [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/].</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref7"> Manzini, I.; Frasnelli, J.; Croy, I. (2014). Wie wir riechen und was es für uns bedeutet: | |||
Grundlagen des Geruchssinns [How we smell and what it means to us: basic principles of the sense of smell]. | Grundlagen des Geruchssinns [How we smell and what it means to us: basic principles of the sense of smell]. | ||
''HNO'', 62(12):846-52. German. doi: 10.1007/s00106-014-2925-2. PMID: 25315675.</ref> | ''HNO'', 62(12):846-52. German. doi: 10.1007/s00106-014-2925-2. PMID: 25315675.</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref8"> Bargs-Stahl, E.; Luck-Haller, E. (n.d.). Hintergrund: Mensch "Der menschliche Geruchssinn". In Planet-Schule. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns Article in Planet-Schule website].</ref> | [https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns Article in Planet-Schule website].</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref9"> Schwetzke, B. (coord.) (2018). Wie funktioniert... der Geschmackssinn?. In ''Kindersache'', Deutschen Kinderhilfswerkes e.V. | |||
Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn].</ref> | Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn].</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref10"> Olsberg, Karl (Dec. 03, 2015). ''Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns?'' In Worte für den Wandel. | |||
Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/]. </ref> | Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/]. </ref> | ||
<ref name="ref11"> TED-Ed.(2018): How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce. YouTube, 21.06.2018, 20.12.2021, in: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8). </ref> | |||
<ref name="ref12"> Mathias Mücke: "Soziale Wahrnehmung: Bedeutung, Definition, Einflussgrößen, Fehler & Verzerrungen", | |||
(https://sciodoo.de/psychologie-soziale-wahrnehmung-bedeutung-definition/), 02.01.2022.</ref> | (https://sciodoo.de/psychologie-soziale-wahrnehmung-bedeutung-definition/), 02.01.2022.</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref13"> []: Indirect realism, in John Locke: A critical assessment of the representationalist theory of perception | |||
(https://nairaproject.com/projects/3670.html).</ref> | (https://nairaproject.com/projects/3670.html).</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref14"> Amy Trumpeter: What is the difference between Direct Realism and Indirect Realism?(2015) | |||
(https://www.philosophyzer.com/direct-realism-and-indirect-realism/).</ref> | (https://www.philosophyzer.com/direct-realism-and-indirect-realism/).</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref15"> Steven J. Vitali: | |||
"Kant's Refutation of Idealism, the Analogies of Experience, and Transcendental Idealist Constraints on the Causal Theory of Perception",</ref> | "Kant's Refutation of Idealism, the Analogies of Experience, and Transcendental Idealist Constraints on the Causal Theory of Perception",</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref16"> []: Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others | |||
(http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/ca/hip_ca_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/013613436X.pdf)</ref> | (http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/ca/hip_ca_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/013613436X.pdf)</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref17"> Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2013. "Perception." Explorable. Retrieved 8 March 2020 (https://explorable.com/perception).</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref18"> José María Díaz, Mario Perez-Montoro: Is Information a Sufficient Basis for Cognition? Part 1: Critique of Dretske's Approach, | |||
1.3. Perception, 2011, triple C - Cognition Communication Co-operation</ref> | 1.3. Perception, 2011, triple C - Cognition Communication Co-operation</ref> | ||
<ref name="ref19"> Rules for the Direction of the Mind work by Descartes, (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rules-for-the-Direction-of-the-Mind)</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref20"> Hervé Le Tellier: Die Anomalie. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 2. Auflage Septemper 2021, page 321.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref21"> Crane, Tim and Craig French, "The Problem of Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), | |||
URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>.</ref> | URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>.</ref> | ||
</references> | </references> | ||