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Perception: Difference between revisions
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Perception | |||
== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Perception is the sensory experience of the world | Perception is the sensory experience of the world <sup>1</sup>. The process and the subjective result of obtaining and processing information from stimuli from the environment and from within. Its ones interpretation of information and the external world. An Object or Situation may be perceived differently by multiple individuals. Everyone is limited to their own perception. Perception is shaped through internal and external factors. Such as ones beliefs, knowledge, experiences and sensing structures. Personal circumstances can also affect ones perception. What we perceive is not an accurate depiction of the externally existing world. Ones Perception of reality is ones brains perception. Personal stories reflective of master narratives you were born into hailed by ideology <sup>2</sup> may also take effect. | ||
==Neuroscience of Perception== | ==Neuroscience of Perception== | ||
The human perception bases itself essentially off of processing of the stimuli and stimulation perceived by human organs, which are processed in the brain. Feelings, emotions, actions, experiences, opinions and thought processes result from this processing. | |||
===The types of Perception=== | ===The types of Perception=== | ||
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# Taste | # Taste | ||
# Smell | # Smell | ||
The type mainly focused on when handling the topic of perception is the visual one. Visual perception showing and | The perception of the external world can essentially be categorized into five types of perception: visual perception, perception of touch, auditory perception, perception of taste and perception of smell. All types of perception are vital for human survival. The different types of perception work through sensory receptors sending information gathered from signals to the brain for processing. This leads to the stimulation of the sensory system. The information perceived then goes trough the stages of perception. Resulting in perception of the external world. | ||
the external world. | |||
====Visual perception==== | |||
The type mainly focused on when handling the topic of perception is the visual one. Visual perception showing and interpreting the external world. In order for visual perception to happen, light strikes the retina of the eye, resulting in a reception of light. Then going through the sensory system, the optic nerve and information to the brain to be perceived. | |||
====Perception of touch ==== | |||
Within the skin, the essential, external organ for touch, exist sensory cells, that react to differences in pressure and temperature. The information recorded is sent to the brain and interpreted there. | |||
=====Haptic perception===== | |||
Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject[6]. | |||
The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“[3]. | |||
For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | |||
# Lateral motion | |||
# Pressure | |||
# Enclosure | |||
# Contour following | |||
Therefore identifying a subjects properties[7]. | |||
====Perception of Sound==== | |||
Hearing works through the perception of sound waves through the outer ear. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. From there it comes to the inner ear, in which the vibrations from the middle ear in the cochlea, in which there is fluid, are passed on to the brain via the auricular hairs via the auricular nerve. In addition to cochlea there is also the worry of balance weight. | |||
=====Auditory Perception===== | |||
Auditory perception discussed „the motivation for exploring non-visual modalities, how audition bears on theorizing about perception, and questions concerning the objects, contents, phenomenology, varieties, and bounds of auditory perception.“[10] | |||
====Perception of smell==== | |||
When smelling, a chemical signal is converted into an electrical signal. The olfactory cells are the interpreters who speak both languages: They master the chemical language of the scent molecules in the air we breathe and translate the olfactory information into the electrical language of the brain“ (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy[11]. | |||
====Perception of taste==== | |||
====Perception of smell==== | |||
Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | ||
The | |||
===Limitation of the human perception=== | |||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)[4]. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | |||
===Feelings and emotions=== | |||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | |||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | |||
Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors [5].Therefore hormones hugely affect ones emotions, for example serotonin as the happiness hormone and progesterone for calming. | |||
===Perceptional focus=== | |||
The human being has the ability to focus his perception. If one is in danger, for example, and a lot of adrenaline is released, his perception of external influences is documented. Therefore his perception focuses on hearing, seeing and smelling. Other perceptions, especially in the area of the emotional level, are largely faded out with the exception of the fearful feeling in a panic situation. Through the adrenaline rush, even the sense of pain may be temporarily eliminated. This is a result of the humans survival instincts. | |||
The same goes for other focus situations. When focused while working on a piece of work, external perceptions, such as hearing and smelling are faded out. And when asleep, emotional impressions and experiences in particular are processed, possibly resulting in certain events in ones dreams. | |||
===The stages of Perception=== | ===The stages of Perception=== | ||
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=== | ===Social perception=== | ||
sensory input | sensory input | ||
prior expectations -> conscious seeing | prior expectations -> conscious seeing | ||
importance of context context | importance of context context | ||
(sensory Neuroscience signals sent by ... go through the nervous system. physical or chemical reaction/stimulation of the sensory system. light striking retina of the eye. smell odor molecules hearing | (sensory Neuroscience signals sent by ... go through the nervous system. physical or chemical reaction/stimulation of the sensory system. light striking retina of the eye. smell odor molecules hearing water pressure) | ||
==Philosophy of Perception== | ==Philosophy of Perception== | ||
====Beholders share==== | |||
sensory input | |||
prior expectations -> conscious seeing | |||
importance of context context | |||
internal | internal | ||
external | external | ||
===Components of perception=== | |||
==Philosophical Views== | ==Philosophical Views== | ||
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==The Problem of Perception== | ==The Problem of Perception== | ||
===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ||
Quote Nietzsche „Die Wahrheiten sind Illusionen, von denen man vergessen hat, dass sie wache sind.“ Die Anomalie- Hervé Le Tellier. | |||
===Intentionalism=== | ===Intentionalism=== | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<sub>1</sub> https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 (quote) | |||
<sub>2</sub> TED Talk - Mind the gap between perception and reality (Sean Tiffee). (quote) | |||
[3] Gibson, J.J. (1966). The senses considered as perceptual systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-313-23961-4. | |||
[4] Karl olsberg - Worte für den Wandel . Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns? https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/ | |||
[5] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8 TED-Ed How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce (quote partially) | |||
[6] Weber, E. H. (1851). Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet. Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. | |||
[7] "Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array, S. Fleer, A. Moringen, R. Klatzky, H. Ritter“ | |||
[10] https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-auditory/#Introduction | |||
[11] https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns. | |||