Perception: Difference between revisions
Indirect Realism expanded and enhanced
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====Direct Realism==== | ====Direct Realism==== | ||
Direct realism suggests that the perception of objects such as chairs, sun, or cups of coffee, arises from our engagement with them, rather than mere mental images. A sensible idea for this implies that objects exist independently of any perceiver's awareness. Hence, direct realism can be divided into naïve realism and scientific realism. According to naïve realism, objects retain all perceived properties, for example colour or surface texture regardless of the observation. In contrast, scientific realism argues that certain examined qualities (e.g., sweetness) depend on the examiner, while mass or shape persist irrespective of observation. Likewise, Locke's notion of primary (e.g, size, motion) versus secondary (e.g., colour, taste) qualities aligns partially, whereas primary exists objectively and secondary dispositional. However, both assert fundamentally that the senses must be in direct contact with the external reality. <ref>O’Brien, Daniel. “Perception, Objects of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.” ''Objects of Perception'', iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/#H1.</ref> | Direct realism suggests that the perception of objects such as chairs, sun, or cups of coffee, arises from our engagement with them, rather than mere mental images. A sensible idea for this implies that objects exist independently of any perceiver's awareness. Hence, direct realism can be divided into naïve realism and scientific realism. According to naïve realism, objects retain all perceived properties, for example colour or surface texture regardless of the observation. In contrast, scientific realism argues that certain examined qualities (e.g., sweetness) depend on the examiner, while mass or shape persist irrespective of observation. Likewise, Locke's notion of primary (e.g, size, motion) versus secondary (e.g., colour, taste) qualities aligns partially, whereas primary exists objectively and secondary dispositional. However, both assert fundamentally that the senses must be in direct contact with the external reality. <ref name=":4">O’Brien, Daniel. “Perception, Objects of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.” ''Objects of Perception'', iep.utm.edu/perc-obj/#H1.</ref> | ||
====Indirect Realism==== | ====Indirect Realism==== | ||
Indirect realism states that | Indirect realism states that physical objects exist mind-independently, and we therefore perceive them through an internal intermediary rather than directly. This construct (intermediary), acts as a bridge between the mind and the external world. For instance, a chair is an internally produced image in the human visual system caused by the physical properties (light reflection, etc.), rather than a physcial entity itself.<ref name=":4" /> Hence, these physical objects and their properties cause mental perceptions, being commonly termed with sense data (e.g., colour, texture, shape). Despite being caused by physical stimuli, these sensed data are not themselves physical. According to John Locke, we do not perceive an external object itself but rather our idea of it, reinforcing this idea of an intermediary.<ref name="ref14" /> <ref name="ref13" /> Thus, the mind indirectly perceives an object thorugh sense data, which is generated in part by a causal chain including light rays, neuronal processes, and the subjective experience of colour, shape, or other features.<ref name=":4" /> As a result, the real object (e.g., a chair) remains independent of the observer, while our knowledge of the external world exists constantly indirect. | ||
Phenomenalism | ==== Phenomenalism ==== | ||
The Intentional Theory of Perception | ==== The Intentional Theory of Perception ==== | ||
==== Disjunctive Theory of Perception ==== | ==== Disjunctive Theory of Perception ==== | ||
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External Perception describes the world outside of the body. Therefore we use our senses such as hearing, smelling and touching to perceive the external world. | External Perception describes the world outside of the body. Therefore we use our senses such as hearing, smelling and touching to perceive the external world. | ||
==== Feelings and Emotions ==== | ==== Feelings and Emotions ==== | ||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | ||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | ||
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==== Perceptional Focus ==== | ==== Perceptional Focus ==== | ||
The human being has the ability to focus his perception. If one is in danger, for example, and a lot of adrenaline is released, his perception of external influences is documented. Therefore his perception focuses on hearing, seeing and smelling. Other perceptions, especially in the area of the emotional level, are largely faded out with the exception of the fearful feeling in a panic situation. Through the adrenaline rush, even the sense of pain may be temporarily eliminated. This is a result of the humans survival instincts. | The human being has the ability to focus his perception. If one is in danger, for example, and a lot of adrenaline is released, his perception of external influences is documented. Therefore his perception focuses on hearing, seeing and smelling. Other perceptions, especially in the area of the emotional level, are largely faded out with the exception of the fearful feeling in a panic situation. Through the adrenaline rush, even the sense of pain may be temporarily eliminated. This is a result of the humans survival instincts. | ||
The same goes for other focus situations. When focused while working on a piece of work, external perceptions, such as hearing and smelling are faded out. And when asleep, emotional impressions and experiences in particular are processed, possibly resulting in certain events in ones dreams. | The same goes for other focus situations. When focused while working on a piece of work, external perceptions, such as hearing and smelling are faded out. And when asleep, emotional impressions and experiences in particular are processed, possibly resulting in certain events in ones dreams. | ||
==== Social Perception ==== | ==== Social Perception ==== | ||
The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | ||
This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<ref name="ref12" /> | This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<ref name="ref12" /> | ||
==== Stages of Perception ==== | ==== Stages of Perception ==== | ||
# Stimulation | # Stimulation | ||
# Organization | # Organization | ||
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=== Limitations of Human Perception === | === Limitations of Human Perception === | ||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<ref name="ref10"/>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<ref name="ref10"/>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | ||