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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
Perception is the sensory experience of the world < | Perception is the sensory experience of the world <ref name="ref1"/>, the process and the subjective result of obtaining and processing information from stimuli originated in the environment and the self. An object or situation may be perceived differently by multiple individuals. Everyone is limited to their own perception. Perception is shaped through internal and external factors, such as ones beliefs, knowledge, experiences and sensing structures. Personal circumstances can also affect one's perception. What we perceive is not an accurate depiction of the externally existing world. One's Perception of reality is one's brains perception. Personal stories reflective of master narratives you were born into hailed by ideology <ref name="ref2"/> may also take effect. | ||
==Neuroscience of Perception== | ==Neuroscience of Perception== | ||
The human perception bases itself essentially | The human perception bases itself essentially on the processing of the stimuli and stimulation perceived by human organs, which are processed in the brain. Feelings, emotions, actions, experiences, opinions and thought processes result from this processing. | ||
===The types of Perception=== | ===The types of Perception=== | ||
The perception of the external world can essentially be categorized into five types of perception: visual perception, perception of touch, auditory perception, perception of taste and perception of smell; in short: vision, sound, taste and smell. All types of perception are vital for human survival. The different types of perception work through sensory receptors sending information gathered from signals to the brain for processing. This leads to the stimulation of the sensory system. The information perceived then goes trough the stages of perception. Resulting in perception of the external world. | |||
The perception of the external world can essentially be categorized into five types of perception: visual perception, perception of touch, auditory perception, perception of taste and perception of smell. All types of perception are vital for human survival. The different types of perception work through sensory receptors sending information gathered from signals to the brain for processing. This leads to the stimulation of the sensory system. The information perceived then goes trough the stages of perception. Resulting in perception of the external world. | |||
====Visual perception==== | ====Visual perception==== | ||
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====Perception of touch ==== | ====Perception of touch ==== | ||
Within the skin, the essential, external organ for touch, exist sensory cells, that react to differences in pressure and temperature. The information recorded is sent to the brain and interpreted there. | Within the skin, the essential, external organ for touch, exist sensory cells, that react to differences in pressure and temperature. The information recorded is sent to the brain and interpreted there. | ||
=====Haptic perception===== | =====Haptic perception===== | ||
Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject< | Haptic perception regards the exploration of surfaces and objects by a moving subject in opposition to passive contact by a static subject<ref name="ref3"/>. | ||
The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“< | The term „Haptik“ was first introduced by Max Dessoir for a term of the research of the sense of touch. Later Gibson defined it as "[t]he sensibility of the individual to the world adjacent to his body by use of his body“<ref name="ref4"/>. | ||
For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | For identification of three dimensional objects four exploratory procedures have been identified | ||
* Lateral motion | |||
* Pressure | |||
* Enclosure | |||
* Contour following | |||
Therefore identifying a subjects properties< | Therefore identifying a subjects properties<ref name="ref5"/>. | ||
====Perception of Sound==== | ====Perception of Sound==== | ||
Hearing works through the perception of sound waves through the outer ear. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. From there it comes to the inner ear, in which the vibrations from the middle ear in the cochlea, in which there is fluid, are passed on to the brain via the auricular hairs via the auricular nerve. In addition to cochlea there is also the worry of balance weight. | Hearing works through the perception of sound waves through the outer ear. The eardrum transmits the vibrations to the middle ear. From there it comes to the inner ear, in which the vibrations from the middle ear in the cochlea, in which there is fluid, are passed on to the brain via the auricular hairs via the auricular nerve. In addition to cochlea there is also the worry of balance weight. | ||
=====Auditory Perception===== | =====Auditory Perception===== | ||
Auditory perception discussed „the motivation for exploring non-visual modalities, how audition bears on theorizing about perception, and questions concerning the objects, contents, phenomenology, varieties, and bounds of auditory perception“.< | Auditory perception discussed „the motivation for exploring non-visual modalities, how audition bears on theorizing about perception, and questions concerning the objects, contents, phenomenology, varieties, and bounds of auditory perception“.<ref name="ref6"/> | ||
====Perception of smell==== | ====Perception of smell==== | ||
"The origins of the sense of smell lie in the perception of environmental molecules and go back to unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Odors transmit a multitude of information about the chemical composition of our environment. The sense of smell helps people and animals with orientation in space, warns of potential threats, influences the choice of sexual partners, regulates food intake and influences feelings and social behavior in general."< | "The origins of the sense of smell lie in the perception of environmental molecules and go back to unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Odors transmit a multitude of information about the chemical composition of our environment. The sense of smell helps people and animals with orientation in space, warns of potential threats, influences the choice of sexual partners, regulates food intake and influences feelings and social behavior in general."<ref name="ref7"/>.On both sides of the nasal septum there are olfactory mucous membranes that are equipped with olfactory sensory cells. These have receptors for around 350 different fragrances. Scent stimuli are conducted via nerve tracts into the olfactory brain, from where they go directly to the hypothalamus and the limbic system.<ref name="ref8"/> | ||
====Perception of taste==== | ====Perception of taste==== | ||
The sensory cells collect all information about the taste. The results are then transmitted directly to the brain via extra nerve fibers and cranial nerves. There they are evaluated and combined with the information from the olfactory sense. Because only together with the smell can we really taste it.< | The sensory cells collect all information about the taste. The results are then transmitted directly to the brain via extra nerve fibers and cranial nerves. There they are evaluated and combined with the information from the olfactory sense. Because only together with the smell can we really taste it.<ref name="ref9"/> | ||
Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | Therefore sensory data forms our perceptual reality. | ||
===Limitation of the human perception=== | ===Limitation of the human perception=== | ||
Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)< | Human perception is limited by the limited capacity of human receptors. For example, the eyes can only absorb a very limited frequency range of light. In contrast to some animals, hearing is also limited (e.g.: bats, ultrasonic range). This limitation affects not only the perception but also the ability to react in various external situations. In addition to the limitations of hearing and seeing, the limitation of human perception has further limitations. For example the perception of the skin in this area is also very limited. A shark can perceive the minimalist movement of a fish via its lateral sensory organs, which are transmitted through water. The sense of smell animals such as sharks regarding blood or of some insects in the area of the perception of pheromones already shows a perception in the molecular area. The sense of smell is tightly networked with the sense of smell. In this category of perception, too, humans are inferior to many animals. In comparison to some animal species, humans cannot perceive electromagnetic fields. These examples show the limitations of the human perception. The limitation of man culminates in the limitation of his ability to think. This can be seen for example, in the limited ability to think, since when looking for solutions to problems one usually turns in a circle that is difficult to get out of. It is assumed that computers will reach performance of our brains by 2030 (the performance of a computer will double every 1-2 years)<ref name="ref10"/>. Through all these limitations, the human being is determined within its „self“ and „being“. | ||
===Feelings and emotions=== | ===Feelings and emotions=== | ||
Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | Ones current emotional state often has a strong impact on their perception. Feelings and emotions may arise for multiple reasons. Be it an interaction, reaction, an experience or a hormonal setting. | ||
The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | The endocrine system regulates everything exerting its influence over the cells. It relies on interactions between glands, hormones and cell receptors. In order to manage balance within the body. | ||
Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors < | Mood hormones can influence the production of certain chemicals in the brain, like serotonin. When chemical levels shift, they also cause changes in mood. Humans behaviors are collectively shaped by a variety of influences, the brain and its neurotransmitters, hormones and various social factors <ref name="ref11"/>.Therefore hormones hugely affect ones emotions, for example serotonin as the happiness hormone and progesterone for calming. | ||
===Perceptional focus=== | ===Perceptional focus=== | ||
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===Social perception=== | ===Social perception=== | ||
The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | The process of making judgments about other people is called social perception. During the first impression this process happen already, the so-called primacy effect. Later, this judgment can harden further through so-called summation and implicit personality theories. | ||
This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.< | This subfield has a special place in scientific psychology and social research, because social perception or judgment determines how one views, turns toward, or rejects other people.<ref name="ref12"/> | ||
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====Indirect Realism==== | ====Indirect Realism==== | ||
Indirect realism states that though physical objects are mind-indipendent, it is being perceived. Therefore physical objects exist and the objects physical properties generate perceptions in the mind. | Indirect realism states that though physical objects are mind-indipendent, it is being perceived. Therefore physical objects exist and the objects physical properties generate perceptions in the mind. | ||
As a representative of indirect realism, John Locke, in his essay 'An essay Concerning Human understanding'(1690), draws a distinction between ideas and qualities. He claims, that one does not perceive an object but rather an idea of said object. According to Locke and indirect realism what one perceives is sn intermediary between object and perceiver.< | As a representative of indirect realism, John Locke, in his essay 'An essay Concerning Human understanding'(1690), draws a distinction between ideas and qualities. He claims, that one does not perceive an object but rather an idea of said object. According to Locke and indirect realism what one perceives is sn intermediary between object and perceiver.<ref name="ref13"/><ref name="ref14"/> | ||
===The Causal Theory of perception=== | ===The Causal Theory of perception=== | ||
The Causal Theory of Perception claims, that when a perceiver sees an object, the object causes the perceiver to visually experience the object.< | The Causal Theory of Perception claims, that when a perceiver sees an object, the object causes the perceiver to visually experience the object.<ref name="ref15"/> | ||
===Components of perception=== | ===Components of perception=== | ||
According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | According to Saks and Johns, perception is categorized into three components of perception, The Perceiver, The Target and The Situation. | ||
The Perceiver is influenced by external and internal factors, which affect the perceivers perception of the target. | The Perceiver is influenced by external and internal factors, which affect the perceivers perception of the target. | ||
The target is being interpreted. It is possible, that prior expectations impact this interpretation as well as „ambiguous targets [being] especially susceptible to interpretation and addition“. < | The target is being interpreted. It is possible, that prior expectations impact this interpretation as well as „ambiguous targets [being] especially susceptible to interpretation and addition“. <ref name="ref16"/> | ||
The Situation and it's context can heavily impact the perception. "The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target"< | The Situation and it's context can heavily impact the perception. "The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target"<ref name="ref16"/><ref name="ref17"/>. | ||
==Philosophical Views== | ==Philosophical Views== | ||
===Platos Allegory of the cave=== | ===Platos Allegory of the cave=== | ||
In | In [[Plato's Allegory of the cave]], Plato concerns himself with the perception and perspective of the individuals in the cave and the actual reality outside the cave. The allegory deals with the alienated perception of mankind. It also shows the subjectivity of human perception. The people in the cave don't see directly, but only an image of reality. The same goes for different people in our daily life, everyone takes the environment around them differently and interpretations vary, according to their own experience. A modern example of this is when interviewing whitnesses. The implicity statements in accidents for example can be widely different, every witness perceives the truth differently. Here, different descriptions of the course of the accident are often described. | ||
Plato concerns himself with the perception and perspective of the individuals in the cave and the actual reality outside the cave. The allegory deals with the alienated perception of mankind. It also shows the subjectivity of human perception. The people in the cave don't see directly, but only an image of reality. The same goes for different people in our daily life, everyone takes the environment around them differently and interpretations vary, according to their own experience. A modern example of this is when interviewing whitnesses. The implicity statements in accidents for example can be widely different, every witness perceives the truth differently. Here, different descriptions of the course of the accident are often described. | |||
The humans in the cave not wanting to leave it upon hearing about the real world also displays humans being afraid of what they don't know. | The humans in the cave not wanting to leave it upon hearing about the real world also displays humans being afraid of what they don't know. | ||
The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | The question therefore arises whether there is a real correct perception of truth, or as Paul Watzlawick's ook title is also called, "How real is reality?". | ||
===Dretskes Approach=== | ===Dretskes Approach=== | ||
Dretske distances himself from the 'Causal Theory of Perception', introducing "a fundamental difference between causal and informational relationship".< | Dretske distances himself from the 'Causal Theory of Perception', introducing "a fundamental difference between causal and informational relationship".<ref name="ref18"/> He "ascribes perception to informational relations […] [and] assigns an important role to information in the explanation of the sensory and cognitive processes [allowing] him to present a clear definitionof objects of perception".<ref name="ref18"/> According to Dretske the perceived object is a component in the causal sensorial chain about which the the perception carries information.<ref name="ref18"/> The perceived object is the 'causal antecedent'of the chain as the 'object of perceptual state'. Realized as a primary representation of the object in the perceptual process.<ref name="ref18"/> | ||
===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ===Descartes Method of doubt - Cartesian Sceptism=== | ||
In René Descartes Method of doubt, Descartes put all beliefs, ideas, thoughts and matter in doubt. Showing his grounds, reasonings aswell as any knowledge could in fact be false. That any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt ,ay be false. Therefore showing, that if there is a way for a belief to be disapproved, the reasonings are insufficient and hence may be doubted. From this work his famous phrase "I think, therefore I am" came about. As the one thimg he couldnt doubt was him doubting, thinking, and him being. | In René Descartes Method of doubt, Descartes put all beliefs, ideas, thoughts and matter in doubt. Showing his grounds, reasonings aswell as any knowledge could in fact be false. That any belief that falls prey to even the slightest doubt ,ay be false. Therefore showing, that if there is a way for a belief to be disapproved, the reasonings are insufficient and hence may be doubted. From this work his famous phrase "I think, therefore I am" came about. As the one thimg he couldnt doubt was him doubting, thinking, and him being. | ||
Descartes method used four main principles also kmown s Descartes four rules of logic. To accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, unless known to be true. To divide every problem into as many parts as necessary to analyze and solve the problem. To conduct ones thoughts and find the easiest solutions, from the simplest to the more complex in order to proceed. To make enumerations so complete that nothing was omitted, to list every detail of the problem.< | Descartes method used four main principles also kmown s Descartes four rules of logic. To accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, unless known to be true. To divide every problem into as many parts as necessary to analyze and solve the problem. To conduct ones thoughts and find the easiest solutions, from the simplest to the more complex in order to proceed. To make enumerations so complete that nothing was omitted, to list every detail of the problem.<ref name="ref19"/> | ||
==The Problem of Perception== | ==The Problem of Perception== | ||
===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ===Illusion and Hallucination=== | ||
A problem of perception can be excellently described with a sentence by Nitzsche. "The truths are illusions, of which one has forgotten that they are some"< | A problem of perception can be excellently described with a sentence by Nitzsche. "The truths are illusions, of which one has forgotten that they are some"<ref name="ref20"/>. To the problem of perceptual illusion comes the problem of perceptual hallunization. | ||
If the perception is clouded by illusions and hallunizations, how can a real direct perception of the world be possible?Answers to this question could be provided by the main theories of experience.< | If the perception is clouded by illusions and hallunizations, how can a real direct perception of the world be possible?Answers to this question could be provided by the main theories of experience.<ref name="ref21"/> | ||
===Intentionalism=== | ===Intentionalism=== | ||
Intentionalism is the theory that a literal work should be judged in terms of the authors intentions. That the meaning of texts is determined by the intentions of the author. The intent is not only important in writing but also interactions and other parts of perception. Ones intentions can hugely impact the reality of a situation, which may not be perceived rightfully, due to a lack of context and known intent. Knowing the intend is unavoidable to fully understand the reality. If intentions are not known the perception of subjects cannot be considered reality. Therefore intent is a major part to perceiving reality. | Intentionalism is the theory that a literal work should be judged in terms of the authors intentions. That the meaning of texts is determined by the intentions of the author. The intent is not only important in writing but also interactions and other parts of perception. Ones intentions can hugely impact the reality of a situation, which may not be perceived rightfully, due to a lack of context and known intent. Knowing the intend is unavoidable to fully understand the reality. If intentions are not known the perception of subjects cannot be considered reality. Therefore intent is a major part to perceiving reality. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references> | |||
<ref name="ref1"> Cherry, Kendra (July 09, 2020). What Is Perception?. In ''Verywell Mind'', Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839].</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref2"> Tiffee, Sean (2016). Mind the gap between perception and reality. ''TEDx Talks''. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BL9uRJpTqY]</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref3"> Weber, E. H. (1851). ''Die Lehre vom Tastsinne und Gemeingefühle auf Versuche gegründet''. Berlin: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref4"> Gibson, J.J. (1966). ''The senses considered as perceptual systems''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref5"> Fleer, S.; Moringen, A.; Klatzky, R.L.; Ritter, H. (2020). Learning efficient haptic shape exploration with a rigid tactile sensor array. | |||
''PLoS ONE'', 15(1): e0226880. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226880</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref6"> O’Callaghan, Casey (2021). Auditory Perception. ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), | |||
Retrived January 28, 2022, from [https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-auditory/].</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref7"> Manzini, I.; Frasnelli, J.; Croy, I. (2014). Wie wir riechen und was es für uns bedeutet: | |||
Grundlagen des Geruchssinns [How we smell and what it means to us: basic principles of the sense of smell]. | |||
''HNO'', 62(12):846-52. German. doi: 10.1007/s00106-014-2925-2. PMID: 25315675.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref8"> Bargs-Stahl, E.; Luck-Haller, E. (n.d.). Hintergrund: Mensch "Der menschliche Geruchssinn". In Planet-Schule. Retrieved January 28, 2022, from | |||
[https://www.planet-schule.de/wissenspool/total-phaenomenal-sinne/inhalt/hintergrund/der-geruchssinn/mensch.html#:~:text=Das%20bedeutet%3A%20Beim%20Riechen%20wird%20ein%20chemisches%20Signal,die%20Geruchsinformation%20in%20die%20elektrische%20Sprache%20des%20Gehirns Article in Planet-Schule website].</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref9"> Schwetzke, B. (coord.) (2018). Wie funktioniert... der Geschmackssinn?. In ''Kindersache'', Deutschen Kinderhilfswerkes e.V. | |||
Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://www.kindersache.de/bereiche/wissen/natur-und-mensch/wie-funktioniert-der-geschmackssinn].</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref10"> Olsberg, Karl (Dec. 03, 2015). ''Erreichen Computer 2030 die Leistungsfähigkeit unseres Gehirns?'' In Worte für den Wandel. | |||
Retrieved January 28, 2022, from [https://karl-olsberg.jimdo.com/2015/12/03/erreichen-computer-2030-die-leistungsfähigkeit-unseres-gehirns/]. </ref> | |||
<ref name="ref11"> TED-Ed.(2018): How do your hormones work? - Emma Bryce. YouTube, 21.06.2018, 20.12.2021, in: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8). </ref> | |||
<ref name="ref12"> Mathias Mücke: "Soziale Wahrnehmung: Bedeutung, Definition, Einflussgrößen, Fehler & Verzerrungen", | |||
(https://sciodoo.de/psychologie-soziale-wahrnehmung-bedeutung-definition/), 02.01.2022.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref13"> []: Indirect realism, in John Locke: A critical assessment of the representationalist theory of perception | |||
(https://nairaproject.com/projects/3670.html).</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref14"> Amy Trumpeter: What is the difference between Direct Realism and Indirect Realism?(2015) | |||
(https://www.philosophyzer.com/direct-realism-and-indirect-realism/).</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref15"> Steven J. Vitali: | |||
"Kant's Refutation of Idealism, the Analogies of Experience, and Transcendental Idealist Constraints on the Causal Theory of Perception",</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref16"> []: Perception, Attribution, and Judgment of Others | |||
(http://catalogue.pearsoned.ca/assets/hip/ca/hip_ca_pearsonhighered/samplechapter/013613436X.pdf)</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref17"> Sincero, Sarah Mae. 2013. "Perception." Explorable. Retrieved 8 March 2020 (https://explorable.com/perception).</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref18"> José María Díaz, Mario Perez-Montoro: Is Information a Sufficient Basis for Cognition? Part 1: Critique of Dretske's Approach, | |||
1.3. Perception, 2011, triple C - Cognition Communication Co-operation</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref19"> Rules for the Direction of the Mind work by Descartes, (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rules-for-the-Direction-of-the-Mind)</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref20"> Hervé Le Tellier: Die Anomalie. Rowohlt Verlag, Hamburg, 2. Auflage Septemper 2021, page 321.</ref> | |||
<ref name="ref21"> Crane, Tim and Craig French, "The Problem of Perception", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), | |||
URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/perception-problem/>.</ref> | |||
</references> | |||