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Dialectics: Difference between revisions
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rhetorical methodology to find the truth on topics of nature or society by using the dialog form | rhetorical methodology to find the truth on topics of nature or society by using the dialog form | ||
and using the opposite of the treated object. According to Aristoteles Zeno of Elea was the | and using the opposite of the treated object. According to Aristoteles Zeno of Elea was the | ||
first dialectician. <ref> | first dialectician. <ref>https:oxfordlearnersdictionarier (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dialectic</ref><ref>Duden (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/dialektik </ref> | ||
In the eighteen century the term gained a further dimension of meaning when Georg Wilhelm | In the eighteen century the term gained a further dimension of meaning when Georg Wilhelm | ||
Friedrich Hegel used it in “The Phenomenology of Spirit” as a methodology to constitute | Friedrich Hegel used it in “The Phenomenology of Spirit” as a methodology to constitute | ||
knowledge. Marx and Engels replaced Hegel’s idealistic approach with historian materialism | knowledge. Marx and Engels replaced Hegel’s idealistic approach with historian materialism | ||
in their works. | in their works. <ref>https:oxfordlearnersdictionarier (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dialectic</ref> <ref>Duden (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/dialektik </ref> | ||
=== | === | ||
1.1 Dialectic Methodology in ancient times === | 1.1 Dialectic Methodology in ancient times === | ||
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clear, that it’s for the sake of our becoming more dialectical about everything. | clear, that it’s for the sake of our becoming more dialectical about everything. | ||
(Statesman 285c–d) | (Statesman 285c–d) <ref>Gill, Mary-Louise, "Method and Metaphysics in Plato’s Sophist and Statesman", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/plato-sophstate/>.</ref> | ||
== 1.1.2 Aristotels == | == 1.1.2 Aristotels == | ||
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* training for the mind | * training for the mind | ||
* public discussions | * public discussions | ||
* discuss philosophical questions | * discuss philosophical questions <ref>Rapp, Christof, "Aristotle’s Rhetoric", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/>.</ref> | ||
* | * | ||
He differs between scientific and dialectic premises. According to him, scientific premises are | He differs between scientific and dialectic premises. According to him, scientific premises are | ||
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Because of this, Aristoteles is widely considered as the first representative of the | Because of this, Aristoteles is widely considered as the first representative of the | ||
Correspondence theory of truth. | Correspondence theory of truth.<ref>Author unknown (22, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.philoclopedia.de/was-kann-ich-wissen/wahrheit/korrespondenztheorie-der-wahrheit/</ref> | ||
== 1.1.3 Dialectical School == | == 1.1.3 Dialectical School == | ||
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of Miletus, from the late fourth till the mid third century BC. They made a huge contribution to | of Miletus, from the late fourth till the mid third century BC. They made a huge contribution to | ||
the concepts of logic. For example, the Master-Argument. The main thinkers of this school | the concepts of logic. For example, the Master-Argument. The main thinkers of this school | ||
were: Diodorus Cronus and Philo. | were: Diodorus Cronus and Philo.<ref>Bobzien, Susanne, "Dialectical School", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/dialectical-school/>.</ref> | ||
== | == | ||
2.1 Medieval Ages == | 2.1 Medieval Ages == | ||
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transmitted on nature. While objective nature (natura naturata), can be measured empirical, | transmitted on nature. While objective nature (natura naturata), can be measured empirical, | ||
the subjective nature (natura naturans) is productivity. Schelling develops a model of those | the subjective nature (natura naturans) is productivity. Schelling develops a model of those | ||
two opposites, which rescind each other in an eternal dynamical process. | two opposites, which rescind each other in an eternal dynamical process. <ref>Saitya Brata Das Internet Encyclopdeia of Philosophy (22, 06 26) Retrieved from https://iep.utm.edu/schellin/#SH2a</ref> | ||
Philosophy and Religion: In Philosophy and Religion, Schelling investigates the difference | Philosophy and Religion: In Philosophy and Religion, Schelling investigates the difference | ||
between eternal absoluteness and unlasting thinks. The eternal absoluteness is representing | between eternal absoluteness and unlasting thinks. The eternal absoluteness is representing | ||
God, while the unlasting thinks everything “not-god-like” is. Those two poles are in an | God, while the unlasting thinks everything “not-god-like” is. Those two poles are in an | ||
everlasting conflict. | everlasting conflict. <ref>Bowie, Andrew, "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schelling/#IdenPhil>.</ref> | ||
Die Weltalter: Here Schelling describes an unbreakable primeval being. This being is the | Die Weltalter: Here Schelling describes an unbreakable primeval being. This being is the | ||
combination of an eternal affirmative potency and an negative potency | combination of an eternal affirmative potency and an negative potency <ref>Bowie, Andrew, "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schelling/#AgesWorl>.</ref> | ||
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•The second side: The “dialectical moment” This sublates the first side by turning it into the | •The second side: The “dialectical moment” This sublates the first side by turning it into the | ||
opposite. | opposite. | ||
•The third side: Creates the unity between the first two sides. | •The third side: Creates the unity between the first two sides. <ref>Maybee, Julie E., "Hegel’s Dialectics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel-dialectics/#ApplHegeDialMethHisArgu>.</ref> | ||
Hegel transfers these concepts to elementary questions Immanuel Kant came up in “Kritik der | Hegel transfers these concepts to elementary questions Immanuel Kant came up in “Kritik der | ||
reinen Vernunft”. Kant doubted that it is possible to make an objective judgement on objects | reinen Vernunft”. Kant doubted that it is possible to make an objective judgement on objects | ||
in the real world (“the thing being on itself”). Kant denied that it could be possible to judge | in the real world (“the thing being on itself”). Kant denied that it could be possible to judge | ||
objects, because of the loss of information of the real substance. | objects, because of the loss of information of the real substance. <ref>Maybee, Julie E., "Hegel’s Dialectics", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel-dialectics/#WhyDoesHegeUseDial>.</ref> | ||
== 4.2 Preconditions == | == 4.2 Preconditions == | ||
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In this approach mankind transforms and subjugate nature. Also, they develop skill to produce. | In this approach mankind transforms and subjugate nature. Also, they develop skill to produce. | ||
While mankind is changing nature, it also changes itself. This leads to an everlasting | While mankind is changing nature, it also changes itself. This leads to an everlasting | ||
synthesis. | synthesis.<ref>Wolff, Jonathan and David Leopold, "Karl Marx", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/#EarlForm>.</ref> | ||
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different classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. Both appeared with with the advent of the | different classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat. Both appeared with with the advent of the | ||
industrial revolution. Ever since those contradictory poles have influenced each other in an | industrial revolution. Ever since those contradictory poles have influenced each other in an | ||
dialectical way. | dialectical way. <ref>Wolff, Jonathan and David Leopold, "Karl Marx", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/marx/#Sour>. | ||
</ref> | |||
== 6.1 Conclusion (Own Opinion) == | == 6.1 Conclusion (Own Opinion) == | ||