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Dialectics: Difference between revisions
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=== 1.1 Definition === | === 1.1 Definition === | ||
The term “dialectic” originates from the (ancient) Greek language. In its literal meaning, it | The term “dialectic” originates from the (ancient) Greek language. In its literal meaning, it means “art of conversation” or “art of dialog”. In ancient greek, dialectic was used as a rhetorical methodology to find the truth on topics of nature or society by using the dialog form and using the opposite of the treated object. According to Aristoteles, Zeno of Elea was the first dialectician. <ref>https:oxfordlearnersdictionarier (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dialectic</ref><ref>Duden (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/dialektik </ref> | ||
means “art of conversation” or “art of dialog”. In ancient greek, dialectic was used as a | |||
rhetorical methodology to find the truth on topics of nature or society by using the dialog form | |||
and using the opposite of the treated object. According to Aristoteles Zeno of Elea was the | |||
first dialectician. <ref>https:oxfordlearnersdictionarier (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dialectic</ref><ref>Duden (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/dialektik </ref> | |||
In the eighteen century the term gained a further dimension of meaning when Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel used it in “The Phenomenology of Spirit” as a methodology to constitute knowledge. Marx and Engels replaced Hegel’s idealistic approach with historian materialism in their works. <ref>https:oxfordlearnersdictionarier (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/dialectic</ref><ref>Duden (2022, 06 26) Retrieved from https://www.duden.de/suchen/dudenonline/dialektik </ref> | |||
== 1.1 Dialectic Methodology in ancient times == | == 1.1 Dialectic Methodology in ancient times == | ||
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of Miletus, from the late fourth till the mid third century BC. They made a huge contribution to | of Miletus, from the late fourth till the mid third century BC. They made a huge contribution to | ||
the concepts of logic. For example, the Master-Argument. The main thinkers of this school | the concepts of logic. For example, the Master-Argument. The main thinkers of this school | ||
were: Diodorus Cronus and Philo.<ref>Bobzien, Susanne, "Dialectical School", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/dialectical-school/>.</ref> | were: Diodorus Cronus and Philo.<ref>Bobzien, Susanne, "Dialectical School", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/dialectical-school/>.</ref> | ||
== 2.1 Medieval Ages == | == 2.1 Medieval Ages == | ||
In the medieval age, serval thinkers like Boethius, Berengar of Tours, Petrus Hispanus | In the medieval age, serval thinkers like Boethius, Berengar of Tours, Petrus Hispanus expanded the dialectical method. To emphasize is Anselm of Canterbury who used the dialectical method for his ontological proof of the existence of God. | ||
expanded the dialectical method. To emphasize is Anselm of Canterbury who used the | |||
dialectical method for his ontological existence of God. | |||
== 3.1 Schelling’s Dialectics == | == 3.1 Schelling’s Dialectics == | ||
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Die Weltalter: Here Schelling describes an unbreakable primeval being. This being is the | Die Weltalter: Here Schelling describes an unbreakable primeval being. This being is the | ||
combination of an eternal affirmative potency and an negative potency <ref>Bowie, Andrew, "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schelling/#AgesWorl>.</ref> | combination of an eternal affirmative potency and an negative potency <ref>Bowie, Andrew, "Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schelling/#AgesWorl>.</ref> | ||
== 4.1 Hegel’s Dialectics == | == 4.1 Hegel’s Dialectics == | ||
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>Monism, Dualism | >Monism, Dualism | ||
Hegel transferred Kants epistemology to an [[Ontology|ontological]] problem. By questing if a substance | Hegel transferred Kants epistemology to an [[Ontology|ontological]] problem. By questing if a substance could be for itself. This question also appeared in Rene Descartes “[[Mind-Body_Dualism|Mind-body-dualism]] (being and not-being e.g.) Hegel concluded that a substance could not stand for itself. It always | ||
could be for itself. This question also appeared in Rene Descartes “[[Mind-Body_Dualism|Mind-body-dualism]] (being | |||
and not-being e.g.) Hegel concluded that a substance could not stand for itself. It always | |||
needs the opposite and can’t not exist in its pure form. So, he denies monism as well as | needs the opposite and can’t not exist in its pure form. So, he denies monism as well as | ||
dualism. In his dialectic the substance is one, but inside itself it differs from each other. The | dualism. In his dialectic the substance is one, but inside itself it differs from each other. The | ||
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5.1.3 Dialectic to understand history: | |||
By reducing the social reality into economical categories Marx and Engels tried to gain an | By reducing the social reality into economical categories Marx and Engels tried to gain an | ||
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== 6.1 Conclusion (Own Opinion) == | == 6.1 Conclusion (Own Opinion) == | ||
Since the first appearance of the dialectical method in ancient Greek, the method was | Since the first appearance of the dialectical method in ancient Greek, the method was understood to gain a deeper understanding of being. While it was used at first as an method | ||
understood to gain a deeper understanding of being. While it was used at first as an method | |||
to find the truth, it later became an method to describe systems and the world as a whole in | to find the truth, it later became an method to describe systems and the world as a whole in | ||
the times of Hegel and Marx. | the times of Hegel and Marx. | ||
== Bibliography == | == Bibliography == | ||