Opinion

From glossaLAB

Definitions

Philosophy

In modern philosophy, opinion is defined as an act of truth-seeking along with belief and knowledge (in contrast to the ancient concept of Doxa). Opinion or "meinen" is attributed with the characteristics of being purely subjective, indefinite, and variable, as well as being attached to sensory perception. Therefore, opinion is considered a deficient mode of cognitive activity compared to knowledge.

Descartes emphasizes that mere opinion is always bound to a thinking that is dependent on imagination and, therefore, does not allow for knowledge of God or the soul (Discourse on the Method).

In Kant's hierarchical model of belief, opinion occupies the lowest position since it is both subjectively and objectively inadequate. This distinguishes it from belief, whose claim to validity remains purely subjective, and from knowledge, which is a subjectively and objectively sufficient mode of belief (Critique of Pure Reason). Opinion can also have the status of a rational hypothesis if it is subjectively sufficient for a belief based on certain grounds. Opinions can only exist in judgments about empirical objects, not in the realm of the intelligible. Rational judgments, therefore, are not opinions, as reason either knows a priori or not at all. The same applies to all ethical principles. Fichte locates opinion in the world of the variable, which is mere appearance or pure nothingness compared to being (Doctrine of Science 1801). "Meinen" is contrasted with thinking characterized by the autonomy of the mind (Instructions for a Blessed Life). While for thinking, being is one and identical with itself, possessing only one possibility, reality, and necessity, "meinen" assumes multiple possibilities and, motivated by subjective inclination, chooses one of these possibilities. Thus, every opinion is one-sided and biased, and its duration is subject to personal inclination. Specifically, Fichte defines his present age as a historical manifestation of an eagerness for scientific opinions and their journalistic dissemination. Fichte supports this development with the term "Republic of Scholars" (Outlines of the Present Age).

In contrast, Hegel excludes the concept of opinion from the history of philosophy from the outset, as philosophy is the objective science of truth through comprehending knowledge, not through opinion. Opinion here is also merely a subjective notion characterized by arbitrariness, and its content lacks universality. Opinion is not a thought in and of itself (Lectures on the History of Philosophy). According to Hegel, opinion cannot grasp the necessary connection between the reality of the mind and its sensual existence because it considers sensual existence as mere contingency (Phenomenology). Unlike knowledge, opinion directly focuses on sensual existence as individual and particular. This immediacy of "meinen" is contrasted with sensory certainty, whose truth is the universal. The act of "meinen" is exemplified in physiognomy or graphology, whose focus is directly on sensory existence, such as handwriting or the shape of the head, and based on this, forms an opinion about a person's personality (Phenomenology). Opinion - Metzler Lexikon Philosophie (spektrum.de) / METZLER LEXIKON PHILOSOPHIE:Meinung

Legal Science

Freedom of opinion, actually "freedom of expression" or also "freedom of speech," is the subjective right to free speech and the free expression of opinion. This can be done in writing, as well as in speech, images, or other means of communication. The guarantee of freedom of opinion is provided for in Article 5(1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution): "Everyone has the right to freely express and disseminate their opinion in speech, writing, and pictures and to obtain information from generally accessible sources without hindrance. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films are guaranteed. There shall be no censorship."

Limits of Freedom of Opinion However, the right to freedom of expression also has its limits. These restrictions are given to protect the state or other important interests. Restrictions on freedom of opinion include, for example: • Protection against insults or defamation • Unfair competition through slander against a competitor's products • Limits of public safety • Limits of morality • Limits of youth protection • Excessive criticism of heads of state, courts, or other representatives of the state • Disclosure of secret information

However, not every insult or defamation can be considered as such. For example, within an internet discussion, a participant may be labeled as "right-wing radical" without exceeding the limits of freedom of opinion. Such a statement is rather to be considered as a value judgment [Federal Constitutional Court, 17.09.2012, 1 BvR 2979/10]. Also, offensive statements about former employers made on social networks are covered by freedom of opinion [Labor Court Bochum, 09.02.2012, 3 Ca 1203/11]. However, referring to a law firm as "shyster's advocacy" violates the general right to personality and is therefore not protected by freedom of opinion [Higher Regional Court Cologne, 18.07.2012, 16 U 184/11]. On the other hand, gatherings under a racist motto exceed the limits of freedom of opinion and may therefore be prohibited [Administrative Court Neustadt, 26.03.2011, 5 L 266/11.NW]. However, statements such as "soldiers are murderers" occupy a specific position: as long as they refer to soldiers in general, they are subject to the right to freedom of opinion. However, the court reserves the right to rule differently if such remarks are made about individual soldiers [Federal Constitutional Court, 10.10.1995, 1 BvR 1476/91; 1 BvR 1980/91; 1 BvR 102/92 and 1 BvR 221/92].

Freedom of opinion internationally Internationally, freedom of opinion finds its legal basis. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights regulates it at the United Nations level: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights also regulate freedom of opinion. ᐅ Freedom of Opinion in Germany: Definition, Meaning & Basic Law (juraforum.de)

Social Psychology

Opinion is a term that has not been uniformly defined to this day. In social psychology, for example, a distinction is made between opinions, attitudes, and beliefs. Opinion is considered a "transitory judgment on current topics relevant to the public" - in contrast to attitude, which is a stable and less situation-dependent dimension, and belief, which is a central, stable, and situationally independent value orientation (values). Other authors emphasize in distinguishing between attitude and opinion that an opinion lacks the affective component and is essentially a verbal, cognitive response. Or: Opinions are the verbal expression of attitudes as the underlying latent variables, they are dependent on the situation and have only a weak connection to actual behavior (opinion research, public opinion). Meinung - Lexikon der Psychologie (spektrum.de) LEXIKON DER PSYCHOLOGIE: Meinung

Journalism/Communication Sciences

Opinions, in contrast to factual claims, are reflections of a person's subjective and evaluative opinion in press law. The right to express an opinion is guaranteed by Article 5(1) of the German Constitution (Basic Law), but there are three exceptions to this regulation. Excluded from the right to freedom of expression are:

  • Statements that violate the human dignity of the person concerned, intrude into their privacy, and deny them personal status and dignity.
  • Statements that constitute formal insults, such as curse words.
  • Statements that constitute defamation and derogation of a person in the form of abusive criticism.
  • The right to a counterstatement applies only to factual claims and not to expressions of opinion. Meinungsäußerung - Deutsche Journalisten Akademie (German Journalists Academy)

Public Opinion | Journalisticon

Etymology: According to Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann (2009: 427), the phenomenon of "public opinion" had already been described long before the actual term was coined. Therefore, the question of who first used the term may be "of no particular significance" (Noelle-Neumann 1966: 22). However, according to Michael Raffel (1984: 50), it was the writer Michel de Montaigne who first used the term "l'opinion publique" in a verifiable manner in his Essays in 1588. Erasmus of Rotterdam had already used the term "opiniones publicae" in the plural in 1516. The term appeared in German in 1702, in Christian Thomasius' translation of a Latin text on witch trials (see Noelle-Neumann 2009: 427f.).

Definition: Generations of scholars from various disciplines (such as philosophers, lawyers, historians, political scientists, and communication scholars) have struggled to "clearly define public opinion" (Noelle-Neumann 2001: 84). There is little agreement on what exactly this phenomenon entails - instead, there is a multitude of different definitions (see, for example, Childs 1965). This is partly due to the fact that the term "public" can be defined in different ways. The various definitions of public opinion can be grouped into at least three concepts originating from different theoretical traditions (see Roessing 2009: 48):

  • From a social psychological perspective, public opinion can be defined as all value-laden opinions or behaviors that one must express or display in public (understood as a sphere in which one can be observed and judged by others) in order to avoid isolation, or that can be expressed without isolating oneself (see Noelle-Neumann 2001: 257; 2009: 437).
  • From a political science perspective, public opinion is defined as the opinion of an informed elite that has formed through a rational, public discussion (see Roessing 2009: 48).
  • From an empirical-quantitative perspective, public opinion is defined as the aggregate of individual opinions (see Lamp 2009: 142).

History: Throughout history, the concept of public opinion has undergone several shifts in meaning (see Lamp 2009: 12, 131-145; Jackob 2012: 168f.):

  • In ancient Greece and Rome, philosophers such as Plato, Socrates, and Cicero described the phenomenon using terms such as "opinion," "judgment," or "unwritten laws" (see Jackob 2012: 170; Raffel 1984: 49; Noelle-Neumann 2009: 430). This oldest, traditional understanding of public opinion is a social psychological one, which is also the basis for the works of authors such as Tocqueville (1856), Tönnies (1922), or Allport (1937). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann later adopted key ideas from these authors (such as the concept of conformity pressure exerted by public opinion on both individuals and the government). According to Noelle-Neumann's integration concept, public opinion is understood as an instrument of social control (in which all citizens participate), with the latent function of securing a sufficient degree of social consensus. Noelle-Neumann's theory of the spiral of silence (2001) is based on this understanding of public opinion.
  • During the European Enlightenment in the 18th century, a normative-political understanding of public opinion emerged (also known as the elite concept) (see Noelle-Neumann 2009: 431), which temporarily overlapped or displaced the social psychological meaning. According to this understanding, public opinion is formed through a critical, rational discourse among the politically most educated, best-informed, and committed citizens (i.e., not all citizens participate in the formation of public opinion). The manifest function of public opinion is to assist the rulers in their decision-making and opinion formation. Here, public sphere is understood in a political science sense as a political communication forum, and the scope of public opinion narrows down to state-relevant questions (see Lamp 2009: 132f.).
  • The development of empirical survey research in the 20th century gave rise to the most recent empirical-quantitative understanding of public opinion. It equates public opinion with the percentage distributions obtained in representative opinion polls (e.g., Warner 1939; Lazarsfeld 1957; see Roessing 2009: 14).

Current State: The understanding of public opinion as the sum of individual opinions that can be determined through opinion research is the most widespread among the population nowadays (see Lamp 2009: 142). The elite concept, on the other hand, dominates many areas of science in Europe (see Roessing 2009: 14). Public opinion is often equated with the "published opinion," that is, the prevailing opinions in the mass media (see Lamp 2009: 136). According to the integration concept, people do orient themselves to the media coverage to get an impression of public opinion in the population, but the published opinion may differ from public opinion.

Research Status: Depending on the understanding of the term, different strands of research can be distinguished. If public opinion is equated with aggregated public opinions, opinion surveys are the method of choice. In the tradition of both the elite concept and the integration concept, historical-hermeneutic works have been produced that examine the phenomenon in literature, history, and philosophy. Under the influence of Noelle-Neumann, the Institute of Journalism at the University of Mainz alone has produced more than 500 such literature studies (see Roessing 2009: 18f., 52, 55).

In addition, numerous international empirical-analytical studies exist in the form of surveys, observations, content analyses, or experimental studies that examine public opinion as an instrument of social control (and/or spiral of silence effects). Recent studies analyze processes of public opinion or opinion formation on the Internet.

Publications that provide an overview of the research status include Scheufele/Moy (2000), Scherer/Tiele/Naab (2006), Shanahan/Glynn/Hayes (2007), Roessing (2009), and Donsbach/Salmon/Tsfati (2013).

Public Opinion | Journalisticon; Public Opinion by Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann, February 26, 2019 (6898)


Opinion Formation

Individual Research

Forming one's own opinion is not an easy task: information overload, fake news, and filter bubbles are just a few challenges that young people face when conducting research on the internet. The practical material on opinion formation from the model project "YOUTH SHAPES" provides pedagogical professionals in youth work with suggestions and ideas for working on the topic of "opinion formation."

In our daily lives, we can obtain information from various sources. The internet plays an increasingly significant role in searching for information. It also offers the possibility of direct interaction with others. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to assess the truth value of certain information and to determine how they should influence us. In a complex society, it is important to be aware of multiple perspectives on a topic in order to position oneself. Opinion formation can be particularly challenging for young people. Their lives are permeated by media, and they can easily lose track of things. Opinion Formation on the Internet: Federal Program "Living Democracy!" (demokratie-leben.de)

Relevance of the Social Environment

The first lecture titled "How Does Opinion Formation Work? A Communication-Scientific Perspective" was given by Dr. Jan-Hinrik Schmidt, Senior Researcher for Digital Interactive Media and Political Communication at the Hans-Bredow-Institut in Hamburg. He described three levels that interact in the process of opinion formation: media, the social environment, and individuals themselves. Furthermore, he mentioned the following facets that are relevant to opinion formation:

  • Acquiring knowledge about facts and possible alternatives. In other words, opinion formation is based on (ideally) having knowledge about upcoming issues and decisions, as well as the existing alternatives and their consequences. However, as the speaker emphasized, knowledge acquisition is not always purposeful and strategic; it is often unguided and part of everyday, unquestioned routines. The practices and channels of knowledge acquisition vary depending on the need for information.
  • Another facet of opinion formation is the respective agenda and framing of topics, which always influence perception. Media also use metaphors and images that have a certain influence on our perception, such as the term "refugee wave." It suggests that something is coming over people without them being able to do anything about it. With their agenda, especially the journalistic media enable people to perceive (usually casually) which topics are currently on the societal "agenda." Therefore, how strongly something influences us depends on the placement, frequency, or extent of media coverage.
  • Additionally, we are always influenced by the opinion climate in our social environment, meaning that the social environment filters the knowledge and interpretations provided by the media in multiple ways. There are opinion leaders, that is, individuals considered credible and knowledgeable, who pass on information to others and thereby influence their evaluation. Furthermore, people always compare whether they stand alone with their opinion or whether they are in the majority.

However, it is not only the media and our social environment that determine the opinion we form on a topic, but individual characteristics also have an important influence on how our attitudes toward socially relevant topics are shaped, confirmed, or changed, and what actions we plan and execute. Individual psychological factors interact with the facets: we select, meaning we make choices in the face of the abundance of information; we avoid cognitive dissonance, overlooking information that does not confirm our existing worldview. Social media plays a special role in this process because it combines, disseminates, and personalizes communication channels with their own logic.

In conclusion, according to the speaker, opinion formation is a complex process in which media, a person's social environment, and their personality interact. Digital media are particularly transformative because they blur the boundaries between journalistic and interpersonal communication, and they amplify the significance of personal and social preferences for perceiving topics and opinions. https://www.adb.de/content/wer-bildet-meinung-gesellschaftspolitischer-diskurs-zwischen-medienfreiheit-und-

Relevance of Mass Media

RELEVANCE OF MEDIA: The significance of media genres for opinion formation Media, with their diversity and function as a source of information and opinion formation, are an important foundation for a democratic society. With the digitization and development of the internet since the mid-1990s, the media landscape has seen a tremendous increase: the number of TV channels in Germany has tripled to around 400, while the number of traditional radio programs has only grown by about ten percent to 313 stations due to low levels of digitization. Despite concerns, the number of print publications has also increased to around 1,500 titles. However, the growth in offerings is clearly happening on the internet.

In 1997, the number of internet domains in Germany was still 100,000, but it has since risen to 14.5 million. The process of change triggered by the internet in the media landscape is far from complete. Platforms like YouTube and Facebook provide the basis for further unchecked growth in offerings. It is not yet entirely clear what impact these changes will have on media usage and the significance of individual media for information and opinion formation.

In mid-May 2009, the states agreed to adapt the previously TV-centered legal framework in the Interstate Broadcasting Treaty to the changing media usage in the digital world. The core of the restructuring should be to include other media markets, such as radio, newspapers, magazines, and the internet, in measuring media concentration, in addition to television.

The realization of a multimedia measurement of media concentration requires in-depth knowledge of the importance of various media. In spring 2010, the Bavarian Regulatory Authority for Commercial Broadcasting (BLM) already presented a measurement model that collects daily reach and determines its share of daily usage. In spring 2011, TNS Infratest conducted another study on behalf of the BLM, which not only provides current weightings of the media but also insights into the significance of individual media for opinion formation.

Television dominates in terms of reach and informative usage.

According to the results of this study, television is still the favorite medium of Germans. 88 percent of respondents said they had watched TV yesterday. This is followed by radio with a 64 percent daily reach, and the internet and newspapers with 52 percent and 51 percent, respectively. When specifically asked about the "yesterday's usage of informative media content," i.e., information about politics and current events, which are traditionally considered relevant for information and opinion formation, 74 percent of respondents said they had used television for such content, 53 percent radio, 43 percent a newspaper, and nine percent magazines. There is a particularly large discrepancy between general usage and informative usage for the internet as a medium. While 52 percent of respondents said they had surfed the internet, only 26 percent used it to inform themselves about politics and current events.

Significant differences in informative media usage can be observed between younger and older media users. 85 percent of those over 50 use television to get information about politics and current events, 56 percent use newspapers, and the same percentage use radio. For 14 percent, the internet is the source of information. However, among 14- to 29-year-olds, the internet has already surpassed newspapers as the most important information medium, with 40 percent using it for informative purposes yesterday, compared to only 22 percent for newspapers. Television and radio still have the upper hand among young people, with 59 percent and 42 percent, respectively, when it comes to information about politics and current events. The model for the further development of media concentration law also takes into account the subjectively perceived importance of the media for their users. The study participants were asked which medium is most important to them when they want to stay informed about current events. Similar to reach measurement, television proved to be the most subjectively significant medium for opinion formation: 44 percent of respondents named TV as the most important medium, 22 percent newspapers, 20 percent the internet, and eleven percent radio.

The study also shows that the subjectively perceived importance of different information media is highly dependent on the educational level of users. The lower the educational attainment, the more frequently television is considered the most important information medium. While only 32 percent of respondents with at least a university or college entrance qualification consider television their most important information medium, this percentage rises to 51 percent among those with a primary school education. The majority of viewers and listeners (informative TV and radio usage yesterday: 76 percent and 71 percent, respectively) obtain information from public broadcasters.

"bild" and "sz" as the most important information media

Newspapers are named as the most important information medium by a little over 20 percent of respondents in all educational strata. The Bild newspaper is mentioned most frequently as an individual title, followed by the Süddeutsche Zeitung. The internet, which is already the most important information medium for 20 percent of the population, differs the most in terms of its user base compared to other media genres. It distinguishes between men and women (33 percent vs. 19 percent of users yesterday), those with higher formal education and those with lower formal education (11 percent maximum secondary school vs. 48 percent of users yesterday with a university degree), and younger and older individuals (40 percent of users yesterday among 14- to 29-year-olds vs. 14 percent among users 50+). However, the proportion of individuals over 50 among "informing online users" is increasing: it rose from 16 percent in 2009 to the current 24 percent. Within the internet, online portals and the websites of newspapers are more important to users than the offerings of public broadcasters.

Weight of media for opinion formation

The "weight of opinion formation" can be determined from the informative daily reach and the perceived importance of the media. The study provides the following values for the weight of each media genre: Television, as the most opinion-relevant medium, has a potential weight of 40 percent, followed by radio with 18 percent, newspapers with 22 percent, and the internet with 16 percent. Magazines contribute a weight of four percent to the calculation of prevailing influence on opinions.

Compared to the Infratest study from 2009, the results from 2011 already show some initial shifts: The internet has predictably become more significant as an information medium within 18 months. In 2009, its weight for opinion formation was only 13 percent. At the same time, newspapers are experiencing a loss of significance. Their weight for opinion formation has decreased from 26 percent to just 22 percent. This negative trend is likely to continue. However, there is a positive development for newspapers: The online versions of the press are among the most important sources of information for internet users.

Source: https://www.blm.de/files/pdf1/2011_Tendenz_2.11.pdf

SEO Analysis, Definition, and Explanation of the Term "Meinung" (Opinion)

In today's world, forming one's own opinion on a subject is challenging. Attitudes and views on specific topics are influenced by mass media. Mass media affect our knowledge and inundate our minds with increasingly more information and images. In the so-called digital age, brain researchers are studying the effects that this information overload has on our brains.

Mass media and their diverse effects Mass media influence knowledge, problem awareness, opinions, purchasing behavior, and much more.

Knowledge At the beginning of the 20th century, there was great hope that the global spread of mass media would bridge the educational gap between the highly educated and the less educated. However, extensive research has shown that this knowledge gap has only widened. The reason for this is that educated individuals can better process and utilize the given information compared to those with less education. Less educated individuals cannot make use of the new knowledge as they lack the necessary context or, as is the case with the internet, they still lack access to the digital world. Consequently, the educational divide has intensified.

Opinion Mass media deliberately influence, steer, and generate opinions. For example: What was once called propaganda is now referred to as campaign information. Experts believe that the widespread political disillusionment results from the increased media coverage before elections. When campaign promises are not kept, and each party vilifies the other, deliberate manipulation of our emotions occurs until the voter becomes resigned and ultimately cannot form any secure opinions.

It also affects freedom of opinion formation when certain words are censored and no longer allowed to be used, eventually disappearing from our language. This means that our opinion and freedom of expression are limited and intentionally altered.

Purchasing Behavior Advertising implies things to us, often without our conscious awareness, for example, through images. Subconsciously, we are constantly bombarded with images of slim women without glasses. The conscious mind of a plump woman wearing glasses stands in front of a shelf of contact lenses. She will buy the lenses because her unconscious thinking favors the slim, non-glasses-wearing woman. As we have read earlier in the text, this behavior is linked to emotions that suggest a subjective opinion to the plump lady rather than an objective one.

In summary, our free opinion is shaped and molded!

Source: https://www.seo-analyse.com/seo-lexikon/m/meinung/

Problem Awareness

By constantly implying criminality, our brains are heavily influenced. This can lead to a full-blown persecution complex in vulnerable individuals. Even if the crime rate in the place where a person is located is below the national average, they no longer feel safe. Opinions and unsupported claims are often presented as facts today, while scientifically recognized findings are frequently degraded to mere opinions. This ultimately threatens the devaluation of freedom of opinion.

The term "post-factual" has been a topic of public discussion for several years. In the English-speaking world, it is referred to as "post-factual" or "post-truth politics." In light of the 2016 US presidential campaign and the Leave campaign in the United Kingdom, the editors of the Oxford Dictionaries declared "post-truth" as the word of the year for 2016. It describes circumstances in which objective facts have less influence on public opinion formation compared to appeals to emotions and personal beliefs. Fact = Opinion? | Free Speech | bpb.de

Why?

This phenomenon is known as the cultivation thesis. In the news, during evening television consumption, internet forums, or newspaper reports, high crime rates are constantly being reported. This makes the collective consciousness more cautious. Consequently, the general public is constantly preoccupied with protecting themselves from potential threats. However, in vulnerable individuals, it can even manifest as madness. These individuals have allowed themselves to be excessively influenced by the media reality. The positive or negative effects on society, in turn, influence our opinions with EMOTIONS, and we have once again shaped our opinions.

Source: https://www.seo-analyse.com/seo-lexikon/m/meinung/


Brain Research

Through the constant exposure to images and texts, brain researchers have found that our brains change through the continuous consumption of digital content. The latest findings in neurobiology suggest that every perception, feeling, action, and experience leaves traces in the brain, known as memory traces. During the learning process, the synapses (junctions between our nerve cells) change. Our brain is constantly learning; it cannot do otherwise. However, only those who spend all their time engaging with digitally simulated realities will experience the neuronal effects of losing touch with reality and identity.

Conclusion

  • An opinion is the current psychological standpoint on a specific topic, condition, or person.
  • Opinions are influenced and generated by the media.
  • The right to freedom of expression is legally guaranteed but not without restrictions. When the rights of others are affected, "only" freedom of opinion is guaranteed, but not unrestricted freedom of expression.

References

Meinung - Metzler Lexikon Philosophie (spektrum.de) / METZLER LEXIKON PHILOSOPHIE: Meinung Meinungsfreiheit in Deutschland: Definition, Bedeutung & Grundgesetz (juraforum.de) Meinung - Lexikon der Psychologie (spektrum.de) LEXIKON DER PSYCHOLOGIE: Meinung Meinungsäußerung - Deutsche Journalisten Akademie Öffentliche Meinung | Journalistikon; Öffentliche Meinung von Melanie Leidecker-Sandmann, 26. Februar 2019 (6898) Meinungsbildung im Netz: Bundesprogramm Demokratie leben! (demokratie-leben.de) https://www.adb.de/content/wer-bildet-meinung-gesellschaftspolitischer-diskurs-zwischen-medienfreiheit-und- https://www.blm.de/files/pdf1/2011_Tendenz_2.11.pdf https://www.seo-analyse.com/seo-lexikon/m/meinung/ Fact = Opinion? | Free Speech | bpb.de

Literature

Allport, Floyd H.: Toward a Science of Public Opinion. In: Public Opinion Quarterly, 1(1), 1937, S. 7-23. Childs, Harwood Lawrence: Public opinion: nature, formation, and role. Princeton [van Nostrand] 1965. Donsbach, Wolfgang; Charles T. Salmon; Yariv Tsfati (Hrsg.): The spiral of silence. New perspectives on communication and public opinion. New York [Routledge] 2013. Habermas, Jürgen: Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit. Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Frankfurt/M. [Suhrkamp] 1990. Jackob, Nikolaus: Cicero und die Meinung des Volkes: Ein Beitrag zu einer neuen Geschichtsschreibung der Öffentlichen Meinung. In: Kuhn, Christina (Hrsg.): Politische Kommunikation und öffentliche Meinung in der antiken Welt. Stuttgart [Franz Steiner] 2012, S. 167-190. Lamp, Erich: Die Macht öffentlicher Meinung – und warum wir uns ihr beugen. Über die Schattenseite der menschlichen Natur. München [Olzog] 2009. Lazarsfeld, Paul F.: Public Opinion and the Classical Tradition. In: Public Opinion Quarterly, 21(1), 1957, S. 39-53. Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth: Öffentliche Meinung und soziale Kontrolle. In: Recht und Staat, Heft 329. Tübingen [J.C.B. Mohr] 1966. Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth: Die Schweigespirale. Öffentliche Meinung – unsere soziale Haut. 6. Auflage. München [Langen Müller] 2001. Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth (2009): Öffentliche Meinung. In: Noelle-Neumann, Elisabeth; Winfried Schulz; Jürgen Wilke (Hrsg.): Fischer Lexikon Publizistik Massenkommunikation. 2. Auflage. Frankfurt/M. [Fischer] 2009, S. 427-442. Raffel, Michael: Der Schöpfer des Begriffes „Öffentliche Meinung“: Michel de Montaigne. In: Publizistik, 29(1-2), 1984, S. 49-62. Roessing, Thomas: Öffentliche Meinung – die Erforschung der Schweigespirale. Baden-Baden [Nomos] 2009. Scherer, Helmut; Annekaryn Tiele; Teresa Naab: Die Theorie der Schweigespirale: methodische Herausforderungen und empirische Forschungspraxis. In: Wirth, Werner; Andreas Fahr; Edmund Lauf (Hrsg.): Forschungslogik und -design in der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Band 2: Anwendungsfelder in der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Köln [Herbert von Halem Verlag] 2006, S. 107-138. Scheufele, Dietram A.; Patricia Moy: Twenty-Five years of the Sprial of Silence: a conceptual review and empirical outlook. In: International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28, 2000, S. 304-324. Shanahan, James; Carroll Glynn; Andrew Hayes: The spiral of silence: a meta-analysis and its impact. In: Preiss, Raymond W; Barbara May Gayle; Nancy Burrell; Mike Allen; Bryant Jennings (Hrsg.): Mass media effects research. Advances through meta-analysis. Mahwah/London [Lawrence Erlbaum] 2007, S. 415-427. Speier, Hans: Historical Development of Public Opinion. In: American Journal of Sociology, 55(4), 1950, S. 376-388. Tönnies, Ferdinand: Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung. Berlin [Julius Springer] 1922. Toqueville, Alexis: L’ancien Régime et al Révolution. Paris [Michel Levy Frères] 1856. Warner, Lucien: The Reliability of Public Opinion Surveys. In: Public Opinion Quarterly, 3(3), 1993, S. 376-390.

Retrieved from "https://www.glossalab.org/w/index.php?title=Opinion&oldid=7094"