BIOLOGICS
Charles François (2004). BIOLOGICS, International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics, 2(1): 295.
| Collection | International Encyclopedia of Systems and Cybernetics |
|---|---|
| Year | 2004 |
| Vol. (num.) | 2(1) |
| ID | ◀ 295 ▶ |
| Object type | Discipline oriented, Methodology or model |
- “A field of research intended… to establish super-additive nonlinear composition rules for the elements of living systems” (I.V. BLAUBERG, V.N. SADOVSKY & E.G. YUDIN, 1977, p.16O).
This field was introduced by H.von FOERSTER (1958, p.240-255), who spoke of “biological computers” and established the differences between the ways of internal organization of electronic computers and living systems.
In these, “…as the general case, the function ”$\Phi$“ of the whole exceeds the sum of the functions of the parts:
(BLAUBERG et al, p.160).
The subsequent development of biologics led to the concepts of autopoiesis, self-reference, eigen-values and organizational closure, and to a better understanding of neural networks.
More recently, it seems to open the way toward a still more general understanding of social nets and kinds of “social robotics” and highly parallel computing (connection machines).